撷墨教育 墨盒自考 7 天 70 分刷题 第三部分——概括大意和完成句子 一、解题技巧 1、“概括大意”部分 它是考题第 23-26 题，是要求就给定要考的短文(原文)四个段落进行概括段落大意，在六个给出的选项 中分别选出与其各段落大意相符的选项句子，也就是在 6 个选项句子中选出与要考的段落大意(中心思想、 主题或核心内容)一致的正确答案，6 个选项中有两个干扰项，短文中只考 4 个段落。如何让 4 上选项正确 的对号入座呢? 这类题的关键是首先要确定各选项句子的关键词， 接着是确定能体现要考段落大意的中心句或中心词， 最后是用选项关键词与中心句、中心词进行对比，一个个确定正确答案。 (1)做题步骤及技巧： 做题总思路：目标明确，直奔主题。做这类题就是要在 6 个选项中确定 4 个与要考 4 个段落大意相一 致的正确答案，只需要考虑 4 个要考段落和 6 个选项，所以，我们要采用把段落变成句子，把句子变成单 词的化整为零的方法来做。做这类题的总思路就是：首先确定各 6 个选项句子的关键词，接着是确定能体 现要考段落大意的中心句或中心词，最后是用选项关键词与中心句、中心词进行对比，意思相同或相近者就 是了。做此类题分以下 4 步走： 1)第一步：一步到位，快速确定 6 个选项的关键词。由于是概括段落大意，选项句子的关键词一定是 实义词，一般也就是句子的名词(专有名词)、数词及其短语。确定选项句子关键词的方法可参照“阅读判断 题”的“做题步骤技巧的第一步”的方法，两者基本雷同，并且确定选项关键词更简单，就是实义词。这一步， 只需要把实义词快速勾划出来，做个明显标志就行了，(当然，要明白关键词意思，你可千万别忘了你带的 字典哟)。 2)第二步：准确找出要考段落，仔细推敲该段落，确定该段落的中心句或中心词。这是最重要的一步。 确定段落中心句或中心词按以下技巧进行： A、确定段落中心句的技巧有： (A1)按该段落的第一句、第二句、最后一句、最后二句、长句、段中句、整段阅读顺序进行寻找确定， 如果最后都确定不了，那就要寻找中心词了。按统计，段落中心句是第一句的可能性超过 50%，第二句超 过 20%，最后一句超过 20%，需要整段阅读的不到 10%，因为按写作手法，一般文章都是采用归纳法或 演绎法的，所以一般段落的中心句是在段落的第一句、第二句或最后一句。因此，你读各考段就得先用这“三 把爷”，先读为快，快速确定其中心句; (A2)问句不会是中心句。问句常用作过渡句子，所以，如果段落的第一句、第二句或最后一句是问句， 可以省略不读，它们不会是中心句; (A3)举例子的句子不会是中心句。鬼佬的文章喜欢用例证来以例服人，他们常用以 for example,such as 等短语引出例句来说明自己的观点。所以，如果段落的第一句、第二句或最后一句是举例子的句子，可 1 / 43 助你成功 撷墨教育 墨盒自考 7 天 70 分刷题 以省略不读，肯定不是中心句; (A4)并列关系说明的几个句子不会是中心句。并列说明的几个句子在一起是用了演绎或归纳的方法来 证明某一观点，它们本身不可能是中心句，一般常用 first，second，third，one，two 等序数词引出，所 以，如果段落的第一句、第二句或最后一句是并列关系的句子，可以省略不读，肯定不是中心句; (A5)如果中心句是复合句(较复杂较长)，其重点(中心)应在其主句部分。若复合句是表示转折、层进或 承上启下等关系的从句，其主句就是从句的后一部分。如 although，but，despite，while，not only…but also，so，thus 等引导的从句，其后面从句就是主句; (A6)如果中心句是由某个表示说明、表明(如 show，think，suggest 等)等指引性动词引出的宾语从 句(用 that 引出)，其重点(中心)应在宾语从句部分。 B、如果按以上方法都不能确定或较难确定中心句，为了节约时间，可以快速浏览段落，直接确定段落 中心词。一般段落中心词是实义词，基本是名词(含专有名词)或代词，如果是代词，就需要看该段的前一段， 看它代替的是什么意思。其方法有： (A)反复出现的词(名词或代词); (B)首次出现的词(名词)，就是上一段没有出现、下一段又有出现的词; (C)括号里的词; (D)引号里的词; (E)省略号、冒号或介词矩语后面的词; (F)黑体字、斜体字等加着重符号的单词。 3)第三步：小心印证，用选项关键词与中心句、中心词进行对比，采用综合分析和排除法，找出意思相同、 简化或相近、相似的选项，确定正确答案。这是最关键的一步。我们采用每确定一段落中心句或中心词就做 一道题并确定某一个选项的方法，以此类推，而不是等到找了所有该考段落的中心句或中心词才一起做的 方法。我们采用每确定一段落中心句或中心词就与 6 个选项各选项关键对于对照，或者是带着 6 个选项的 关键词，同时对照确定一段落中心句或中心词的方法，两种方法都是一样的，就是要把某一段落中心句或中 心词与 6 个选项的各个选项关键词进行一一对比，找出其意思相同或相近的对应关系，确定该段落的正确 选项。所以，其重点就是印证它们的“意思相同或相近”的一一对应关系。 A、至于“意思相同、简化或相近”的确定方法，请参照“词汇选项”的“查双解字典法”和“阅读判断”的“选 Right 的情况技巧”。 B、确定正确选项的具体方法有： (A)正确答案常常是中心句的改写或简化。如果我们在确定某一段的中心句后，或是在带着 6 个选项去 对照某一段落时，发现某一选项句子就是这段落中心句的改写和简化时，就能很准确地把这选项确定为正 确答案了。当然，对照时，可以直接把 6 个选项句子同某一段落的可能中心句(第一句、第二句和最后一句) 进行比较，如果某一选项与其意思相同或句型相似或是简化，只是换一种说法，就可以认定该选项就是正确 答案了。如此类推做下去。 (B)正确答案常常是中心词的同义词(包括词性的改变、有的相似)、近义词或是一种解释(短语)。如果 2 / 43 助你成功 撷墨教育 墨盒自考 7 天 70 分刷题 6 个选项中某一选项的关键词与某段落的中心词是重合的或者是同义词、近义词及期解释短语，那该选项就 是正确答案。 (C)答案确定后，将该选项划去。因为每个选项只能用一次，如果已确定了某一选项，为了不干扰下一 段落的做题，最好办法是把它划去，打入冷宫。 (D)答案不能确定，先将可能是正确的选项全部选出，采用综合排除法进行做题。如果某一段落答案很 难确定，应将最有可能的所有选项先选出来，写在题目的划线上，再往下做。等某一段落的答案确定后，再 对比选项，便能推断出不能一下子确定的段落了。同时，也在对选项作对比时，能更容易对号入座，选出一 一对应关系。因为，每个选项只能用一次，如果用了两次，就说明你的选择是有问题的，并且，只有 4 个选 项是正确，很容易通过对比找出答案。 (E)排除干扰项干扰。在 6 个选项当中，有 2 个干扰项，当然，我们不用去理会干扰项，我们只需要把 正确选项确定就行了。为了让大家对自己的选择更有信心，在此讲讲干扰项的特点，干扰项往往是段落中提 到的细节。所以，它是最具有诱惑性的，很容易受其误导。 4)第四步：确定所有答案后，划去干扰项，把各选项对号入座，进行检查和印证。进一步理顺它们的一 对一对应关系。如果存在较大的疑虑或者总是觉得不是很顺而是觉得很勉强很别扭，你就要好好重做一遍 了，这种情况下一定是乱点鸳鸯谱，搞错了一对或两对。 (2)做题注意事项及要求(记住七个千万)： 1)千万不要通读原文; 2)千万不要搞错了要考的段落。确定了要考的段落时最好用笔把它勾出来; 3)千万不要钻牛角尖。如果碰到某一段落不能确定答案时，大胆地往前走，因为做可以通过做其它的选 项来确定它; 4)千万不能在此适用“第一感觉原理”。如果出现第四步的情况，就必须有错必改; 5)千万要把已确定的选项划去; 6)千万要舍得。区区 4 分，弄不明白就要果断放弃，不要在这里纠缠了; 7)千万要记住用综合分析的方法和以上技巧，并在《考试用书》中加以演练，才会做到“多快好省”。 由于“概括大意与完成句子”是相对独立的两种题型，下面就其各自的特点介绍做题步骤及技巧。但是， 它们两者都是出自同一篇原文，所以，在做的时候，也应当留意他们之间是否存在着什么信息和联系，如果 在选项中出现，那么就要充分重视这些选项，因为错误或干扰项不可能出现两次，只有一种可能，就是它们 是出自原文的，正确的选项，这一点也可以用来印证你的选项是否正确。因此，做这大题时要留多一个心眼 哦。下面进行分类讲解。 2、“完成句子”部分 “完成句子”考题(27-30 题)一共 4 个考题(未完成判断句)，每题 1 分共 4 分。其要求在 6 个选项(未 完成句子)中选出 4 个选项各填入 4 个考题，使每个考题成为一个符合语法、符合逻辑和符合原文意思的正 确句子。其实，它就是根据原文进行填充的填空题。每个考题都是一个未曾完成的判断句子，其留有一个或 3 / 43 助你成功 撷墨教育 墨盒自考 7 天 70 分刷题 两个空格，要求填空，但这空格绝大部分是在句末。 (1)做题步骤及技巧： 做题总思路：根据本类考题的鲜明目的及特点：每个考题只能有一个选项是正确的，是“符合语法”、“符合 逻辑”和“符合原文意思”的填空。所以，直截了当，做这类题可直接采用排除法和综合法进行，分四次综合 排除： 1 先是根据语法知识，确定一部分考题的可能甚至是唯一的选项; 2 接着是根据考题和选项的关键词的逻辑关系再确定一部分考题的可能甚至是唯一的选项; 3 再接着就是用综合排除法进行排除， 一是不“符合语法知识”的排除，二是不“符合逻辑结构”的排除，三是不能使填充处“前后内容衔接、意思连 贯”的排除。 4 最后是以上三种方法都确定不了时，利用还原法，把考题与其可能的选项在原文中找到出处，根据“符合 原文意思”的要求，做出最佳的选择。 从以上做题思路得出，这类题大部分答案可以直接通过对考题和选项的综合推敲来确定，所以关键是 在对考题与选项关系的判断，尽量不要动原文，动原文是没有办法的办法。 1)第一步：从每个考题句子的结构出发，从 6 个选项中选出符合语法结构的选项(ABC…)写在该考题 的填空处。关键是看考题句子的填空前的最后一个单词以及选项句子的第一个单词，根据语法结构，做出判 断。据统计，从语法结构上 80%以上可以把每考题选项排除到只 3 个答案以下，效果十分明显。常用的语 法结构有以下几个原则： A、完整句子具有基本结构的原则：主语(名词、动名词或代词及其短语等)+ 谓语(不及物动词及其短语等)+ 状语(介词、副词引出的短语)， 或是：主语(名词、动名词或代词及其短语等)+ 谓语(及物动词及其短语等)+ 宾语(名词、动名词、代词及 其短语等)+ 状语(介词、副词引出的短语)。考题句子填空部分(选项)是缺基本结构的某一部分(一般以短 语形式)，所以，从选项的第一单词的词性是名词、动词、介词等就初步能排除不符合考题的选项; B、词性搭配一致原则。 一般名词(代词)后是动词， 及物动词后是名词及其短语， 介词、副词后是名词及其短语， 名词后短语一般由介词或副词引出;特别要注意动名词(也就是“动词+ing”的形式或者是“to+动词”的形式) 具有动词的特性可以后跟名词，又有名词特性可作名词使用; C、主语与谓语的单复数一致原则。也就是名词和代词与其后跟的动词单复数要一致; D、特指前面事物(某物或某事)后面应用代词原则; E、每个句子第一个单词字母大写原则。如果填空(选项)是句子的开头部分，就只能选选项句子第一个 单词第一个字母是大写的了; F、动词时态、语态前后相一致原则。包括现在(进行)时、过去(进行、完成)时、将来(完成)时、过去 4 / 43 助你成功 撷墨教育 墨盒自考 7 天 70 分刷题 式、现在式、将来式、完成式、被动式等等;特别是被动式：be+分词+by+短语，完成式：have(has)+been+ 分词+短语，以及这些时态与语态组成的多种形式：被动完成式、过去完成进行式、将来完成进行式等等; G、及物动词带双宾语原则。也就是动词+名词及其短语+(to)+名词及其短语或动词短语，有些动词 带双宾时习惯用法不带 to(make、help、keep 等)，在此不作阐述。总之记住，如果考题最后部分是动词 +宾语的，其要求的选项可能就是另一个宾语，那么这个宾语应是名词短语(含介词)或者(to)动词短语。 总而言之，由于语法结构是最复杂的，一言难尽，只有在做《考试用书》练习时多看“答案与解题”，多 总结多练习了。 2)第二步：在用语法知识排除并选出了选项后，再分析考题与可能选项组成的句子是否符合逻辑，排除不符 合逻辑的选项。判断是否符合逻辑，主要看考题与选项的中心词表示的意思是否一致，判断是否符合逻辑的 情况有： A、考题与选项的内容或指向的目标不一致。即是两者说的风马牛不相及; B、考题与选项所描述的对象互相矛盾或不同; C、选项的内容不符合考题要求，与考题无关或关系不大，填非所问。 经过这两步的排除后，一个考题的可能选项基本只有一两个了，大部分答案可以确定了。如果这个考题 可能性选项还是有多个，千万不要急于在原文中找答案，也不要纠缠下去，而应是暂且搁置，往下做，如此 类推，走第三步。 3)第三步：综合排除法。用一二步做完 4 个考题后，就要把 4 道题的所有可能选项综合起来考虑了。 每个选项最多只能用一次，所以被确定了的选项就可以划去了。如果一个选项在两个考题都有可能性，也可 以通过综合对比，看在哪个选项的可能性大就确定在哪里。 经过以上三步，基本上选项被确定七七八八了，如果还不行，只有走最后一条路了。 4)第四步：根据考题的关键词，到原文中找出考题句子所在的出处和对应的中心句，把对应中心句与可 能选项进行对照，意思相同或最相近的就是正确答案(具体对应中心句的查找方法请参照“阅读判断”和“概 括大意”有关关键词与中心句的寻找技巧)。这一步并非必走之路，并且费时较多，只有在走投无路时才不得 不使用的最普遍方法。 5)第五步：同“概括大意”一样，确定所有答案后，划去干扰项，把各选项对号入座，进行检查和印证。 进一步理顺它们的一对一对应关系。如果存在较大的疑虑或者总是觉得不是很顺而是觉得很勉强很别扭， 你就要好好重做一遍了，这种情况下一定是乱点鸳鸯谱，搞错了一对或两对。 (2)其它技巧： 1)考题的顺序与原文的顺序基本一致，所以，在走第五步时可以按顺序找对应的中心句。即第二个考题 的答案应是在第一个考题的答案之后。如果某考题的中心句不明显，应当继续往下做，找到了下一题的中心 句，就可以回头在前后两者之间找其中心句了; 2)绝大多数正确选项来自原文原词，并且是原文连续的几个词;绝大多数正确选项字数不会太长太多并 且不会太过啰嗦;绝大多数正确选项是句词语短语或句子;以上三点仅为经验之谈，不是确定正确选项的方 法，请不要滥用，其最好是用来印证所选的选项; 5 / 43 助你成功 撷墨教育 墨盒自考 7 天 70 分刷题 (3)做题注意事项及要求：(同样七个千万) 1)千万不要通读原文; 2)千万不要在此适用“第一感觉原理”。如果出现第四、五步，就必须有错必改; 3)千万不要钻牛角尖。如果碰到某一考题不能确定答案时，大胆地往前走，因为做可以通过做其它的选 项来确定它; 4)千万要把已确定的选项划去; 5)千万要走第一、二、三步，并仔细进行推敲; 6)千万要舍得。区区 4 分，弄不明白就要果断放弃，不要在这里纠缠了; 7)千万要记住用综合分析的方法和以上技巧。 二、课内例子解析 第三部分：概括段落大意和补全句子（第 16～25 题，每题 1 分，共 1 0 分） 阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的 2 项测试任务：(1)从第 16～20 题后所给的 6 个选项中为第①一⑤段每段选 择 1 个正确的小标题；(2)从第 21～25 题后所给的 6 个选项中选择 5 个正确选项，分别完成每个句子，并在 答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 Passage 1 （选自大纲样题） The Weight Experiment Nicola Walters has been taking part in experiments in Scotland to discover why humans gain and lose weight. Being locked in a small room called a ‘calorimeter’（热量测量室）is one way to find out． ① The signs above the two rooms read simply ‘Chamber One’ and ‘Chamber Two’. These are the calorimeters: 4m by 2m white-walled rooms where human volunteers are locked up in the name of science. Outside these rooms another sign reads ‘Please do not enter—work in progress’ and in front of the rooms advanced machinery registers every move the volunteers make. Each day, meals measured to the last gram are passed through a hole in the wall of the calorimeter to the resident volunteer. ② Nicola Walters is one of twenty volunteers who, over the past eight months, have spent varying periods inside the calorimeter. Tall and slim, Nicola does not have a weight problem, but thought the strict diet might help with her training and fitness programme. A self-employed community dance worker, she was able to fit the experiment in around her work. She saw an advertisement for volunteers at her local gym and as she is interested in the whole area of diet and exercise, she thought she would help out. ③ The experiment on Nicola involved her spending one day on a fixed diet at home and the next in the room. This sequence was repeated four times over six weeks. She arrived at the calorimeter at 8:30 am on each of the four mornings and from then on everything she ate or drank was carefully measured. Her every move was noted too, her daily exercise routine timed to the last second. At regular intervals, after eating, she filled in forms about how hungry 6 / 43 助你成功 撷墨教育 墨盒自考 7 天 70 分刷题 she felt and samples were taken for analysis. ④ The scientists help volunteers impose a kind of order on the long days they face in the room. ‘The first time, I only took one video and a book, but it was OK because I watched TV the rest of the time,’ says Nicola. And twice a day she used the exercise bike. She pedaled（踩踏板) for half an hour, watched by researchers to make sure she didn’t go too fast. ⑤ It seems that some foods encourage you to eat more, while others satisfy you quickly. Volunteers are already showing that high-fat diets are less likely to make you feel full. Believing that they may now know what encourages people to overeat, the researchers are about to start testing a high-protein weight-loss diet. Volunteers are required and Nicola has signed up for further sessions. Task l 1. Paragraph①___________ 2. Paragraph②___________ 3. Paragraph③___________ 4. Paragraph④___________ 5. Paragraph⑤___________ A. What does the calorimeter look like inside? B. What programme was designed for the experiment? C. What is a calorimeter? D. What kind of foods are to people’s taste? E. How do the volunteers kill the time? F. Why did Nicola join in the experiments? 【解析】 1. Paragraph ① 【答案】C 【解析】第一段主要讲了实验所需要的设备和条件，前面的内容主要针对 calorimeter 做了相关描述。 2. Paragraph ② 【答案】F 【解析】第二段主要介绍了 Nicola 自愿参加这一实验的意图和目的，虽然没有超重问题，但出于对饮食调 节和身材的保持，她选择加入这一项目。 3. Paragraph ③ 【答案】B 【解析】该段的第一句话是主题句 The experiment on Nicola involved her spending one day on a fixed diet at home and the next in the room.即：实验所涉及的内容、具体的要求和环节。 7 / 43 助你成功 撷墨教育 墨盒自考 7 天 70 分刷题 4. Paragraph ④ 【答案】E 【解析】段首句往往是主题句，首句说明科学家帮助志愿者设定一个日程表来打发在密室里的时间。后面介 绍了看电视、看录像、看书、骑单车等活动。 5. Paragraph ⑤ 【答案】D 【解析】第五段的首句出现了 foods 一词，从剩余的两个选项 A 和 D 中很明显就能选出 D。第五段主要介 绍了什么食物适合人的胃口。 小贴士：本部分考查学生的概括能力，读懂首句是关键，因为首句往往是主题句。 Task 2 6. The machinery outside the calorimeters records everything _______. 7. Nicola Walters had time for the experiments _______. 8. Volunteers have to get prepared for the time in the calorimeter _______. 9. The experiments show that high-fat diets _______. 10. Researchers watched Nicola pedaling _______. A. the volunteers do. B. because she does not have a weight problem. C. because the life there can be very boring. D. make people overeat. E. because she was her own boss. F. so as to control the speed. 【解析】 6. The machinery outside the calorimeters records everything _______. 【答案】A 【解析】根据题干中的关键词 calorimeters 和 record 定位在第一段。从第一段第三句话尤其是后半句 Outside these rooms another sign reads ‘Please do not enter—work in progress’ and in front of the rooms advanced machinery registers every move the volunteers make.可知答案为 A。此处 record 和 register 属同义替换。 7. Nicola Walters had time for the experiments _______. 【答案】E 【解析】根据题干中的关键词 Nicola Walters 定位在第二段，关键句是第二段的第三句话 A self-employed community dance worker, she was able to fit the experiment in around her work. 8. Volunteers have to get prepared for the time in the calorimeter _______. 【答案】C 【解析】根据题干中的关键词 volunteers 及同一顺序的原则定位在第四段。该段主要讲了密室里的生活很枯 8 / 43 助你成功 撷墨教育 墨盒自考 7 天 70 分刷题 燥。同时根据句子结构分析可知此处需填从句，故从 B 和 C 中选择。 9. The experiments show that high-fat diets _______. 【答案】D 【解析】根据第五段第二三句话 Volunteers are already showing that high-fat diets 高脂膳食 are less likely to make you feel full. Believing that they may now know what encourages people to overeat, … 10. Researchers watched Nicola pedaling _______. 【答案】F 【解析】根据题干中的关键词 researchers，Nicola 及 pedaling 定位在第四段的最后一句 She pedaled（踩踏板) for half an hour, watched by researchers to make sure she didn’t go too fast. 小贴士：根据题干中的关键词回到原文中快速进行定位是取得高分的诀窍，同时要观察题干的结构及备选 答案的结构以快速缩小范围。 Passage 2 （选自 Self-Assessment 1） 第三部分：概括段落大意和补全句子（第 16～25 题，每题 1 分，共 1 0 分） 阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的 2 项测试任务：(1)从第 16～20 题后所给的 6 个选项中为第①一⑤段每段选 择 1 个正确的小标题；(2)从第 21～25 题后所给的 6 个选项中选择 5 个正确选项，分别完成每个句子，并在 答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 Five Reasons to Celebrate Mistakes ① Mistakes have a way of focusing our attention and putting crucial problems right in our face. Mistakes light a path for us. When we own up to our mistakes, we often know exactly what’s working and what we can do to fix it. ② There is one sure way to avoid mistakes and that’s to avoid life. The writer who never finishes a book will never have to worry about getting negative reviews. The comedian who never performs in front of an audience is sure to avoid telling jokes that fall flat 失败，达不到预期效果. When we are comfortable with making mistakes, we’re more likely to take risks and tackle projects. Celebrating mistakes involves wisdom. Effective people don’t set goals with the idea of making mistakes. Instead, they aim to reach those goals while accepting the risk of error. ③ Imagine working at a company that has no standards – where mistakes are not distinguished from successes and no one is held accountable for errors. We could turn in the most careless and the crudest 未加工的，肤浅的 pieces of work we’d ever done, and they would get treated the same as our best work. We’d never be able to count on having the supplies we needed because no one would complain when vendors 供应商，商贩 failed to deliver. Projects could go permanently unfinished and no one would say anything. In an atmosphere where there’s no difference between failure and success, the word “mistake” would be without meaning. Mistakes can happen only when people are truly committed to making things work. ④ The word “mistake” derives meaning only by comparison to what we desire. Noticing and admitting our mistakes reminds us of what we really want to have, do, and be. Mistakes offer us an opportunity to practice truth 9 / 43 助你成功 撷墨教育 墨盒自考 7 天 70 分刷题 telling. With this act come the rewards of honesty and frankness, including self-knowledge 自知之明 and the capacity for change. As we tell the truth about our mistakes, we can benefit by releasing shame and blame. Fixing mistakes and preventing them from happening again are key goals. ⑤ Mistakes are usually more instructive than successes – and often far more interesting. The lessons we learn from making mistakes often stick with us for a lifetime. We can translate those lessons into new values and behaviors that make a profound difference. With all these potential benefits from mistakes, we have plenty of reasons to celebrate them. Task l 1. Paragraph①___________ 2. Paragraph②___________ 3. Paragraph③___________ 4. Paragraph④___________ 5. Paragraph⑤___________ A. Mistakes encourage taking risks B. Mistakes practice telling truth C. Mistakes make powerful teachers D. Mistakes are as important as successes E. Mistakes focus our attention F. Mistakes make things work 【解析】 1. Paragraph ① 【答案】E 【解析】第一段首句给出了相关信息 Mistakes have a way of focusing our attention and putting crucial problems right in our face.故选 E。 2. Paragraph ② 【答案】A 【解析】第二段通过事例讲到人应该不惧怕犯错误，才能改正错误，让自己进步。A 项中的关键词 encourage taking risks 符合本段语境，故选 A。 3. Paragraph ③ 【答案】F 【解析】第三段通过在公司工作的情况，指出没有正确与错误标准的公司不会有任何进步和发展。所以结尾 总结出只有在人们推动事情有所进展的时候，错误才会发现。与 F 含义相符。 4. Paragraph ④ 10 / 43 助你成功 撷墨教育 墨盒自考 7 天 70 分刷题 【答案】B 【解析】第四段是对“错误”的意义的论述，承认错误可以让我们知道自己真正所想，可以给我们机会说出 真相。这样的话我们就可以得到诚恳和坦率、自身知识的提高和改变的能力，又讲到了说出错误的种种好 处。再结合第四段的第三句 Mistakes offer us an opportunity to practice truth telling.可知 B 项符合本段主旨。 5. Paragraph ⑤ 【答案】D 【解析】第五段通过 mistake 和 success 的比较，阐述出错误的重要性，所以可以判断出错误与成功一样， 都具有很重要的意义。故选 D。 Task 2 6. We often know through mistakes what’s going wrong and _______. 7. If a writer never finishes his book, he will never have to _______. 8. Effective people aim to reach their goals while _______. 9. People can make mistakes only when they are truly _______. 10. We can learn some lessons from making mistakes, which often _______. A. stick with us for a lifetime B. what we can do to fix it C. committed to making things work D. accepting the risk of error E. worry about being criticized F. committed to making things work 注：该题命题疏忽，C 和 F 完全一样。 【解析】 6. We often know through mistakes what’s going wrong and _______. 【答案】B 【解析】根据第一段的最后一句：When we own up to our mistakes, we often know exactly what’s working and what we can do to fix it.可知选 B。 小提示：可根据句子结构来缩小可选答案，根据题干的结构可知 and 前后为平行结构，只有 B 相符。 7. If a writer never finishes his book, he will never have to _______. 【答案】E 【解析】根据 writer, finish book 定位在第二段的第二句话 The writer who never finishes a book will never have to worry about getting negative reviews.，其中 getting negative reviews 和选项 E 中的 being criticized 属同义替 换。小提示：可根据句子结构来缩小可选答案，根据题干的结构可知本题选择动词原形开头的 A 或 E。 8. Effective people aim to reach their goals while _______. 11 / 43 助你成功 撷墨教育 墨盒自考 7 天 70 分刷题 【答案】D 【解析】根据题干中的关键词 effective people 定位在第二段最后两句：Effective people don’t set goals with the idea of making mistakes. Instead, they aim to reach those goals while accepting the risk of error.可知答案为 D。 小提示：可根据句子结构来缩小可选答案，本句要填入空格的部分是连词 while 之后的内容，可以用整个句 子；也可以是分词形式，即 while 从句省略和主句相同的主语和 be 部分。选项中没有整个句子，故只能在 C、D 或 F 中选择。 9. People can make mistakes only when they are truly _______. 【答案】C/F 【解析】根据顺序原则定位在第三段。根据第三段最后一句话 Mistakes can happen only when people are truly committed to making things work.这句话指出只有人们在真正投入到工作中让事情有所进展的时候，错误才会 出现，故选择 C/F。 小提示：可根据句子结构来缩小可选答案，本句要填入空格的部分在 they are 后，故要在 C、D 或 F 中选择。 10. We can learn some lessons from making mistakes, which often _______. 【答案】A 【解析】根据题干中的关键词 learn lessons 定位在最后一段。从最后一段第二句话 The lessons we learn from making mistakes often stick with us for a lifetime.可知答案为 A。 小提示：可根据句子结构来缩小可选答案，本句要填入空格的部分在定语从句中作谓语，故在 A 或 E 中选 择。 三、练习题 第一题 第三部分：概括段落大意和补全句子（第 16～25 题，每题 1 分，共 1 0 分） 阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的 2 项测试任务：(1)从第 16～20 题后所给的 6 个选项中为第①一⑤段每段选 择 1 个正确的小标题；(2)从第 21～25 题后所给的 6 个选项中选择 5 个正确选项，分别完成每个句子，并在 答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 Overcoming Difficulties ① Life is full of difficulties and obstacles, from birth to death. At times, Life seems like a hurdle race. We are sure of encountering hurdles, but almost always we are taken by surprise. It is necessary to accept that life in general is full of difficulties and adversities. This recognition is the first step. When faced with problems, we often feel, "I am the only one having such problems" Or, we tend to exaggerate our problems and regard them as most complex, most painful，and as an extreme case. But if we look around us, we find people in much worse conditions. As St. Augustine said, "I cried for boots, till I saw a man who had no legs." 12 / 43 助你成功 撷墨教育 墨盒自考 7 天 70 分刷题 ② When faced with difficulties, we either complain or seek to dodge them. We behave like as ostrich in the desert. It is said that when there is a storm in the desert, the ostrich buries his head in the sand-hoping that the storm will go away if he ignores it-and finally gets buried under a heap of sand and dies. Some of us choose to pretend that the problems do not exist. We fail to realize that confronting and solving the problem-no painful the process-makes us grow. ③ Accept the woes of birth. It has many implied meanings. First, it means "accepting," i.e., being able to say that it is "my" problem and it is up to me to solve it. Many times we find ourselves putting the blame on others-parents, society or the circumstances of life. Nothing happens by chance, but all is the result of our past actions. There are times when what is needed is patience. We seek to come out of an unpleasant situation quickly. We must understand that if the cause had been operating for a long time, the effect also would last long-as even when the gas has been turned off, the burner remains hot for a long time. Similarly, we expect quick results; having put in the effort, we must be willing to wait. Patient acceptance of what is due to us makes us makes us take a step further in our development. ④ Once we have learnt to deal with a difficulty, the next time we encounter it, it ceases to be a difficulty. But, more often than not the cause of the problem is internal, i.e., within us, and often, it calls for a change. Often the difficulty is solved when we are willing to change—our way of thinking, our feelings, our likes and dislikes—and ready to adapt or adjust ourselves to a problematic situation or a person in life. We must realize that realize that change is inevitable, and always be mentally prepared for it. ⑤ Not all life's problems are such that they need to be dealt with all at once. Sometimes it is possible to take a step and wait for a long time. For instance, if the tap is leaking then we need to call a plumber as soon as we can. But having called him and having found that he can come only the following morning, we should wait patiently for the next 24 hours. In this period, people can get very anxious and go on talking about it to others. There are many such problems in life. Task l 1. Paragraph①___________ 2. Paragraph②___________ 3. Paragraph③___________ 4. Paragraph④___________ 5. Paragraph⑤___________ A. There are implied meanings about the accepting the woes of birth. B. Diligence is also very important in solving problems. C. The first step of overcoming obstacles is to accept that life is full of difficulties. D. Some problems can’t be solved all at once. 13 / 43 助你成功 撷墨教育 墨盒自考 7 天 70 分刷题 E. We must realize that change is inevitable. F. Confronting and solving the problem makes us grow. Task2 6. It's of great necessity to accept that life in general is full of__________. 7. Faced with difficulties, people either complain or___________. 8. We often put our problems____________. 9. Sometimes problems do need taking a step and __________. 10. While waiting for a long time，people tend to become______. A. seek to dodge them B. immediate reaction C. waiting for a long time D. difficulties and adversities E. very anxious F. on others 第二题 第三部分：概括段落大意和补全句子（第 16～25 题，每题 1 分，共 1 0 分） 阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的 2 项测试任务：(1)从第 16～20 题后所给的 6 个选项中为第①一⑤段每段选 择 1 个正确的小标题；(2)从第 21～25 题后所给的 6 个选项中选择 5 个正确选项，分别完成每个句子，并在 答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 ① Itzhak Perlman is considered one of the most gifted violinists in the world, a person with extraordinary talent who has persevered in spite of life-altering limitations. Born in Tel Aviv, Palestine in 1945, Perlman was stricken with the life-threatening polio virus at the age of four. Though he eventually learned to walk with crutches, the virus sadly and permanently damaged his legs, and to this day, he performs seated as a soloist, which is unusual. Nevertheless, Perlman was already beginning to play the violin, which in past interviews he has stated he was strongly encouraged to play in order to improve mobility in his fingers after his bout with polio. ② This encouragement clearly worked on what was probably a natural talent in any case. After first studying at the Academy of Music in Tel Aviv, he came to the United States, and by age 13, he'd had his first nationally televised performance on the Ed Sullivan Show. He continued studying at the New York—based Julliard School of Music, and in 1964, Itzhak Perlman won the highly competitive Levintritt Competition. This award made him internationally noticed and he began what has been a nonstop career of performance in orchestras throughout the world. ③ The career of Itzhak Perlman can be said to have had both highlights and higher lights. He seems continually to 14 / 43 助你成功 撷墨教育 墨盒自考 7 天 70 分刷题 build on past successes, and continues to win new fans, multiple awards, and critical acclaim. Some of his most notable career moves include joining the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra in 1987. The orchestra toured, for the first time, several Eastern bloc countries, culminating with a performance in the Soviet Union in 1990. Perlman later went back to the Soviet Union in the same year to participate in a concert, which honored the birth of Tchaikovsky, and performed with other famous musicians, such as Yo-Yo Ma and Jessye Norman. ④ Recordings of the work of Itzhak Perlman abound and have gained him several Emmys and numerous Grammys. Perlman has also been honored with several prestigious awards from the United States. In 1986, Ronald Reagan gifted Perlman with the Medal of Freedom, and in 2000 Perlman earned the National Medal of Arts. Perlman has also been known for his collaborative efforts with some of today’s most noted film composers, such as John Williams. More recently, Itzhak Perlman and Yo-Yo Ma had featured solo performances on the soundtrack of Memoirs of a Geisha. ⑤ As one of the world's best violinists, it's fitting that Itzhak Perlman performs on two of the world's best violins. However it would be wrong to label this musician as only a violinist. He's also a charming speaker who has delighted guests with his fine sense of humor in guest appearances on television and in his hosting of the popular PBS program The Three Tenors. He's dedicated in his support of public people into making donation. In recent years, Perlman has begun to focus on conducting, and was appointed the Westchester Philharmonic principle conductor in 2007. He also continues his goal of delighting and educating people with music. Task l 1. Paragraph ①______________ 2. Paragraph ②______________ 3. Paragraph ③______________ 4. Paragraph ④______________ 5. Paragraph ⑤______________ A. Itzhak Perlman is not only a violinist. B. Itzhak Perlman is one of the most gifted violinists with extraordinary talent. C. Itzhak Perlman donated a lot of money to some poor people. D. Itzhak Perlman made success one after another. E. Recordings of the work of Itzhak Perlman have gained him many awards. F. He was encouraged to further develop his talent. Task2 6.Itzhak Perlman was stricken with ________. 7.It's said that the career of Itzhak Perlman ________. 15 / 43 助你成功 撷墨教育 墨盒自考 7 天 70 分刷题 8.In addition to famous recordings, Perlman has also been known For ________. 9.Itzhak Perlman performs on ________. 10.We shouldn't only consider Itzhak Perlman as ________. A. has had both highlights and higher lights B. two of the world's best violins C. his collaborative efforts with some of today's most noted film composers D. a violinist E. the polio virus F. the most famous composer 第三题 第三部分：概括段落大意和补全句子（第 16～25 题，每题 1 分，共 1 0 分） 阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的 2 项测试任务：(1)从第 16～20 题后所给的 6 个选项中为第①一⑤段每段选 择 1 个正确的小标题；(2)从第 21～25 题后所给的 6 个选项中选择 5 个正确选项，分别完成每个句子，并在 答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 Materials and Tools for Language Learning ① The range of materials and tools available to help you with your language studies is huge, from dictionaries to language courses. All of them can help you in different ways, and the appropriate use of these materials and courses will make your language learning much easier and more effective. ② Possibly the most useful tools there are for learning a language are dictionaries. Dictionaries come in a number of formats including bilingual, monolingual, illustrated, electronic and online. Bilingual dictionaries are perhaps the most useful ones for beginners and intermediate learners, while monolingual dictionaries, which are designed for native speakers, are also useful for advanced learners. Pocket dictionaries are good for quick reference and easy to carry around. Larger dictionaries are better if you want more definitions, examples of usage, and information about pronunciation, and grammar. Electronic dictionaries are available as handheld units, or as software. Handheld ones are portable, easy and quick to search, and often provide other functions, such as, text-to-speech, voice recognition and speech synthesis organizers, address books. They tend to be rather expensive though. Software dictionaries offer many of the same functions, and can be used on computers, and mobile phones. ③ The traditional courses tend to consist of textbooks containing dialogues, exercises, notes on grammar, and maybe cultural information. Accompanying cassettes, CDs and/or mp3s are often available. Most such courses are intended for complete beginners or people with only minimal knowledge of the language. Intermediate and advanced-level courses are available for some of the popular languages, such as French, German, Italian and Spanish. ④ Audio courses usually consist solely of cassettes or CDs, though some may also include a limited amount of 16 / 43 助你成功 撷墨教育 墨盒自考 7 天 70 分刷题 printed material. All dialogues, exercises, instructions and explanations are recorded and the focus of these courses is teaching you to understand and speak the languages. They are very good at teaching you authentic pronunciation and a manageable amount of vocabulary. ⑤ Various computer-aided courses are available on CD-ROMs and DVDs. Each course is different but they generally include dialogues, audio, exercises and tests. Some also include phrasebooks, dictionaries, videos, games and provide online and/or telephone support. Task l 1. Paragraph ①______________ 2. Paragraph ②______________ 3. Paragraph ③______________ 4. Paragraph ④______________ 5. Paragraph ⑤______________ A. What is the function of audio courses? B. What is the function of flash cards? C. What is the function of traditional courses? D. What are the most useful tools for language learning? E. What is the function of computer-aided courses? F. What can help you a lot with your language learning? Task2 6. The materials and tools available to help you with your language studies range¬____. 7. The appropriate use of these materials and courses will enable you to learn language-____. 8. Larger dictionaries will provide the learners with¬____. 9. The traditional courses are designed for¬____. 10. With audio courses, you can learn¬____. A. more definitions, examples of usage, and information about pronunciation, and grammar B. authentic pronunciation and a manageable amount of vocabulary C. phrasebooks, dictionaries, videos, games and provide online and/or telephone support D. from dict