Philip Randolph, the great African-American champion of labour and civil rights, led confrontations with three very popular presidents. Mr. Randolph called for a march on Washington by thousands of African-Americans on July 1, 1941, if President Roosevelt would not take action to end discrimination in defense industries during World War II. Mr. Randolph was born in Florida. After much delay, the president met with Randolph, and one week later opened many defense jobs to black workers. A few years later, in 1948, Mr. Randolph threatened mass civil disobedience if president Truman did not end segregation against African-Americans in the military. On July 26, Truman approved the order that integrated the armed services. The last confrontation was with John F. Kennedy, who sought to stop the 1963 civil rights march on Washington. The march featured the Reverend Martin Luther King’s unforgettable “I Have a Dream” speech.

菲利普·伦道夫, 他是劳动和公民权利的伟大的非裔美国人的捍卫者，领导了与三位非常受欢迎的总统的对抗。伦道夫呼吁：如果罗斯福总统不采取行动结束二战期间的国防工业的歧视，那么成千上万的非洲裔美国人在1941年7月1日的华盛顿游行。伦道夫出生在佛罗里达州。耽搁很久以后，总统会见了伦道夫。一周以后，向黑人工人开放了很多国防工作。几年以后的1948年，伦道夫威胁说如果杜鲁门总统在军事方面没有消除种族隔离, 要进行大规模的非暴力反抗。7月26日，杜鲁门批准了在军队中取消隔离的命令，最后一次对抗是和约翰·肯尼迪, 当时约翰·肯尼迪正试图阻止1963年在华盛顿举行的民权游行。游行的主角是马丁路德金的令人难忘的“我有一个梦”演讲。